Data transmission in wireless communication system

ABSTRACT

Embodiments of the disclosure set forth methods for transmitting data in a wireless communication system. Some example methods include converting a data stream to a symbol set and selecting a first plurality of symbols from the symbol set. The first plurality of symbols includes at least a first symbol, a second symbol, a third symbol, a fourth symbol, a fifth symbol, a sixth symbol, a seventh symbol, and a eighth symbol. The methods include generating one or plurality of symbols of a second plurality of symbols based on interleaving two symbols selected from the first plurality of symbols. The methods further include weighting some symbols of the second plurality of symbols and generating a matrix based on symbols selected from the second plurality of symbols and the weighted symbols. The methods also include encoding the data stream based on the matrix.

BACKGROUND OF THE DISCLOSURE Description of the Related Art

In a wireless communication system, a data stream to be transmitted is generally modulated and encoded and then transmitted as signals in a form of radio frequencies or infrared beams. At the receiving end, the transmitted signals are received, amplified, demodulated, and then decoded to restore the original data format. Objectives of various coding technique include, without limitation, minimizing the data transmission time and maintaining signal synchronization at both ends to ensure reliable data transmission. There are existing approaches that attempt to advance reliability and data rate of signals transmitted in a wireless communication system, many of these approaches are faced with decoding complexity or coding gain issues.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The foregoing and other features of the present disclosure will become more fully apparent from the following description and appended claims, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. Understanding that these drawings depict only several embodiments in accordance with the disclosure and are, therefore, not to be considered limiting of its scope, the disclosure will be described with additional specificity and detail through use of the accompanying drawings.

FIG. 1 illustrates one configuration of a multiple input and multiple output (MIMO) system 100 which has four transmit antennas and two receive antennas;

FIG. 2( a) is a regular quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) constellation diagram 200;

FIG. 2( b) is a rotated QAM constellation diagram 210;

FIG. 3 is a flow chart 300 illustrating an example of method steps of encoding a data stream to be transmitted in a MIMO system;

FIG. 4 is a block diagram 400 illustrating the software modules of a computer program executed by a processor; and

FIG. 5 is a block diagram illustrating a computer program product 500 for transmitting data in a wireless communication system, all arranged in accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In the following detailed description, reference is made to the accompanying drawings, which form a part hereof. In the drawings, similar symbols typically identify similar components, unless context dictates otherwise. The illustrative embodiments described in the detailed description, drawings, and claims are not meant to be limiting. Other embodiments may be utilized, and other changes may be made, without departing from the spirit or scope of the subject matter presented here. It will be readily understood that the aspects of the present disclosure, as generally described herein, and illustrated in the Figures, can be arranged, substituted, combined, and designed in a wide variety of different configurations, all of which are explicitly contemplated and make part of this disclosure.

This disclosure is drawn, inter alia, to methods, apparatus, computer programs, and systems related to data transmission in a wireless network.

In this disclosure, “coding gain” refers to the measure in the difference between the signal to noise ratio (SNR) levels between the uncoded system and coded system required to reach the same bit error rate (BER) levels when used with the error correcting code (ECC). A “symbol” refers to a representation of data stream to be transmitted in a wireless communication system, where the representation is in a form of a complex number.

In this disclosure, a wireless communication system can be a multiple input and multiple output (MIMO) system. A MIMO system includes a transmitter with multiple transmit antennas and a receiver with multiple receive antennas. A data stream to be transmitted in a MIMO system is modulated and encoded at the transmitter to form a signal. The signal is then transmitted from the different transmit antennas of the transmitter to the receive antennas of the receiver in different time slots.

FIG. 1 illustrates one configuration of a MIMO system 100 which has four transmit antennas and two receive antennas, arranged in accordance with the embodiments of the present disclosure. The MIMO system 100 includes a transmitter 101 and a receiver 113. The transmitter 101 includes a plurality of transmit antennas (e.g., a first transmit antenna 103, a second transmit antenna 104, a third transmit antenna 105, and a fourth transmit antenna 106), a modulator 107, an encoding module 109, and a transmission module 111. The receiver 113 includes a plurality of receive antennas (e.g., a first receive antenna 115 and a second receive antenna 117), a decoding module 119, and a demodulator 121. Channels 119 are formed between pairs of a transmit antenna and a receive antenna. For example, signals transmitted from the first transmit antenna 103 is transmitted in one of the channels 119 and received by the first receive antenna 115.

The modulator 107 modulates a data stream to be transmitted with a carrier wave. One modulation scheme is the quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM). In QAM, the data stream to be transmitted is modulated with at least two carrier waves, and the amplitudes of the two carrier waves are out of phase with each other by 90 degrees. The modulated data stream is represented as symbols, and the symbols can be mapped onto a constellation diagram, which is a two-dimensional scatter diagram in the complex plane.

The encoding module 109 is configured to follow an encoding scheme to encode the symbols and generates a matrix based on the symbols. In some implementations, rows of the matrix correspond to different time slots, and columns of the matrix correspond to the different transmit antennas of the transmitter 101. Alternatively, rows of the matrix correspond to the different transmit antennas of the transmitter 101, and columns of the matrix correspond to different time slots. Therefore, each element of the matrix represents what symbol is transmitted from a particular transmit antenna and when the symbol is transmitted. The transmission module 111 controls the first transmit antenna 103, the second transmit antenna 104, the third transmit antenna 105, and the fourth transmit antenna 106 to transmit specific symbols in particular time slots based on the matrix generated by the encoding module 109. Symbols transmitted from the first transmit antenna 103, the second transmit antenna 104, the third transmit antenna 105, and the fourth transmit antenna 106 are received by the first receive antenna 115 and the second receive antenna 117 of the receiver 113. The received symbols are then decoded by the decoding module 119 and demodulated by the demodulator 121 to convert the encoded symbols back to the original format of the data stream transmitted from the transmitter 101.

In some implementations, the encoding module 109 can encode the data stream using the QAM scheme. The encoding module 109 can be configured to support a rotation scheme, a selection scheme, an interleaving scheme, a weighting scheme, and a matrix generation scheme. FIG. 2( a) is a regular 16-QAM constellation diagram 200. Each point (e.g., r1 to r16) refers to a symbol. The horizontal axis 201′ represents the real axis, and the vertical axis 203′ represents the imaginary axis. The real parts between certain symbols shown in FIG. 2( a) are the same. Similarly, the imaginary parts between certain symbols shown in FIG. 2( a) are also the same

In an example embodiment, the constellation diagram 200 is rotated so that the following conditions are met: (1) the real part of any symbol is not equal to the real part of any other symbols on the constellation diagram; and (2) the imaginary part of any symbol is not equal to the imaginary part of any other symbols on the constellation diagram. The rotating scheme rotates the constellation diagram 200 with an angle θ_(g)

$\left( {\text{e.g.,}\mspace{14mu} \frac{1}{2}\tan^{- 1}2} \right)$

to form a new constellation diagram 210 as illustrated in FIG. 2( b).

The selection scheme then is configured to make eight selections from the constellation diagram 210. Each selection of a symbol is independent from the other selections. In some implementations, a symbol on the constellation diagram 210 (e.g., c6) may be repeatedly selected. For example, the same c6 may be selected eight times. In some other implementations, the eight distinct symbols (e.g., c5 to c12) may be selected as shown in FIG. 2( b). Regardless of which symbols are selected from the constellation diagram 210, the selected symbols also referred to as s₁, s₂, s₃, s₄, s₅, s₆, s₇, and s₈, and satisfy the relationship, s₁=s _(iI)+js_(iQ), where s_(iI) and s_(iQ) are the real (in-phase) and imaginary (quadrature-phase) components of S_(i), respectively, and j represents √{square root over (−1)}. In addition, the constellation diagram 210 is a θ radians rotated version of the constellation 200; therefore, c_(i)=e^(jθ)r_(i), i=1,2, . . . 16, and c_(iI)=cos(θ)r_(iI)−sin(θ)r_(iQ) and c_(iQ=sin(θ)r) _(iI)+cos(θ)r_(iQ).

The interleaving scheme generates a new symbol based on the real part of the first symbol and the imaginary part of the second symbol. For example, using the symbols above, a new symbol S₁ is formed based on a combination of the real part of symbol s₁ (s_(1I)) and the imaginary part of symbol s₃ (js_(3Q)), and a new symbol S₂ is formed based on a combination of the additive inverse of the real part of symbol s₂ (−s_(2I)) and the imaginary part of symbol s₄). An additive inverse of a number n is a number (−n) that, when added to n, yields zero. In some implementations, the interleaving scheme generates sixteen new complex symbols S₁, S₂, S₃, S₄, S₅, S₆, S₇, S₈, S₉, S₁₀, S₁₁, S₁₂, S₁₃, S₁₄, S₁₅, and S₁₆ based on the eight selected symbols in the following manner:

S ₁ =s _(1I) +js _(3Q);

S ₂ =s _(2I) +js _(4Q);

S ₃ =s _(5I) +js _(7Q);

S ₄ =−s _(6I) +js _(8Q);

S ₅ =s _(2I) +js _(4Q);

S ₆ =s _(1I) −js _(3Q);

S ₇ =s _(6I) +js _(8Q);

S ₈ =s _(5I) −js _(7Q);

S ₉ =s _(7I) +js _(5Q);

S ₁₀ =−s _(8I) +js _(6Q);

S ₁₁ =s _(3I) +js _(1Q);

S ₁₂ =−s _(4I) +js _(2Q);

S ₁₃ =s _(8I) +js _(6Q);

S ₁₄ =s _(7I) −js _(5Q);

S ₁₅ =s _(4I) +js _(2Q);

S ₁₆ =s _(3I) −js _(1Q).

Thus, each interleaved symbol comprises information of two symbols from the set of symbols selected by the selection scheme.

With S₁, S₂, S₃, S₄, S₅, S₆, S₇, S₈, S₉, S₁₀, S₁₁, S₁₂, S₁₃, S₁₄, S₁₅, and S₁₆, the matrix generation scheme generates a first matrix (matrix (1)) as shown below:

$\begin{matrix} \begin{bmatrix} S_{1} & S_{2} & S_{3} & S_{4} \\ S_{5} & S_{6} & S_{7} & S_{8} \\ S_{9} & S_{10} & S_{11} & S_{12} \\ S_{13} & S_{14} & S_{15} & S_{16} \end{bmatrix} & (1) \end{matrix}$

As set forth above, the matrix (1) can be used to indicate what symbol is transmitted from a particular transmit antenna and when the symbol is transmitted. Because such a matrix includes antenna and time slot information, this type of matrix is also called space-time block code (STBC) matrix. With the example STBC matrix, the transmission module 111 is able to configure the first transmit antenna 103 to transmit S₁ in the first time slot, transmit S₅ in the second time slot, transmit S₉ in the third time slot, and transmit S₁₃ in the fourth time slot. Similarly, the second transmit antenna 104 is configured to transmit S₂ in the first time slot, transmit S₆ in the second time slot, transmit S₁₀ in the third time slot, and transmit S₁₄ in the fourth time slot. The third transmit antenna 105 is configured to transmit S₃ in the first time slot, transmit S₇ in the second time slot, transmit S₁₁ in the third time slot, and transmit S₁₅ in the fourth time slot. The fourth transmit antenna 106 is configured to transmit S₄ in the first time slot, transmit S₈ in the second time slot, transmit S₁₂ in the third time slot, and transmit S₁₆ in the fourth time slot.

In accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure, the weighting scheme can weight selected elements in the matrix (1) to enhance the coding gain of the STBC. In some implementations, the weighting scheme applies weights (e.g., e^(jθ) or cos(θ)+j sin(θ) is in a range from zero to around π/2) to S₃, S₄, S₇, S₈, S₉, S₁₀, S₁₃, and S₁₄. In some implementations, θ is π/4 as this enhances the coding gain when the constellation diagram is formed based on signals modulated by QAM, and the matrix generation scheme generates a second STBC matrix (matrix (2)) as follows:

$\begin{matrix} \begin{bmatrix} S_{1} & S_{2} & {^{j\; {\pi/4}}S_{3}} & {^{{j\pi}/4}S_{4}} \\ S_{5} & S_{6} & {^{{j\pi}/4}S_{7}} & {^{j\; {\pi/4}}S_{8}} \\ {^{{j\pi}/4}S_{9}} & {^{{j\pi}/4}S_{10}} & S_{11} & S_{12} \\ {^{j\; {\pi/4}}S_{13}} & {^{{j\pi}/4}S_{14}} & S_{15} & S_{16} \end{bmatrix} & (2) \end{matrix}$

With the example STBC matrix, the transmission module 111 is able to configure the first transmit antenna 103 to transmit S₁ in the first time slot, transmit S₅ in the second time slot, transmit e^(jπ/4)S₉ in the third time slot, and transmit e^(jπ/4)S₁₃ in the fourth time slot. In addition, the second transmit antenna 104 is configured to transmit S₂ in the first time slot, transmit S₆ in the second time slot, transmit e^(jπ/4)S₁₀ in the third time slot and, transmit e^(jπ/4)S₁₄ in the fourth time slot. The third transmit antenna 105 is configured to transmit e^(jπ/4)S₃ in the first time slot, transmit e^(jπ/4)S₇ in the second time slot, transmit S₁₁ in the third time slot, and transmit S₁₅ in the fourth time slot. The fourth transmit antenna 106 is configured to transmit e^(jπ/4)S₄ in the first time slot, transmit e^(jπ/4)S₈ in the second time slot, transmit S₁₂ in the third time slot, and transmit S₁₆ in the fourth time slot.

The transmitted symbols are decoded and demodulated at the receiver 113. The decoding method can include any technical feasible decoding method, which includes, without limitation, maximum-likelihood decoding and sphere decoding. The demodulating method can be predetermined based on the modulation scheme adapted by the modulator 107 in the transmitter 101. The coded symbols are transmitted “full-rate.” In a system having Nt transmit antennas and Nr receive antennas, the full-rate transmission refers to a code that transmits a number of complex symbols per channel use. The number of complex symbols transmitted per channel use is the minimum value selected from a group consisting of Nt and Nr. In some implementations, when maximum-likelihood (ML) decoding technique is used, the decoding complexity of the signals encoded according to the matrix (2) is M⁵ for all complex constellations, where M refers to the constellation size. The system transmitting such encoded signals has a lower decoding complexity than the system transmitting signals encoded by some known codes, such as the DjABBA code and the code proposed by Biglieri, Hong and Viterbo (BHV code). The ML decoding complexity of the signals encoded according to the DjABBA code and the BHV code is M⁷ and M⁶, respectively. A system transmitting signals encoded according to the matrix (2) offers a lower ML decoding complexity than a system transmitting signals encoded based on the DjABBA code. In some implementations, the system also provides a lower ML decoding complexity than a BHV encoded system, particularly for a BHV encoded system associated with non-square QAM constellations. In addition, in some implementations, a system transmitting signals encoded based on the matrix (2) offers a higher coding gain than a DjABBA encoded system and a BHV encoded system, particularly for those DjABBA encoded systems and those BHV encoded systems associated with square QAM constellations, such as 4-QAM and 16-QAM.

FIG. 3 is a flow chart 300 illustrating an example of method steps of encoding a data stream to be transmitted in a MIMO system. In operation 301, a modulated data stream is represented as symbols in complex numbers and mapped onto a two-dimensional scatter diagram in the complex plane. As set forth above, such a scatter diagram can be a constellation diagram.

In some implementations, when the MIMO system includes four transmit antennas and two receive antennas, in operation 303, symbols are independently selected from the constellation diagram. In some implementations, the independently selected symbols may correspond to the same symbol on the constellation diagram 210. In some other implementations, the independently selected symbols may correspond to distinct symbols on the constellation diagram 210.

In operation 305, a first complex symbol set is generated based on two selected symbols (e.g., S₁ and S₃), and a second complex symbol set is generated based on another two selected symbols (e.g., S₂ and S₄) in operation 307. In operation 309, a third complex symbol set is generated based on another two selected symbols (e.g., S₅ and S₇), and a fourth complex symbol set is generated based on the other two selected symbols (e.g., S₆ and S₈) in operation 311. In some implementations, the first complex symbol set may include four complex symbols that result from interleaving the two selected symbols in a manner as set forth above. Similarly, for any one or a plurality of the second complex symbol set, the third complex symbol set, and the fourth complex symbol set, the complex symbol set may also include four complex symbols that result from interleaving the two selected symbols for the complex symbol set.

In operation 313, the complex symbols of the third complex symbol set are weighted, and the complex symbols of the fourth complex symbol set are weighted in operation 315. In some implementations, the weight applied can be e^(jθ), where θ is in a range from zero to around π/2. In some implementations, θ is π/4.

In operation 317, the four complex symbols of the first complex symbol set are transmitted by different transmit antennas in different time slots. In operation 319, the four symbols of the second complex symbol set are transmitted by different transmit antennas in different time slots.

In operation 321, the weighted symbols of the third complex symbol set are transmitted by different transmit antennas in different time slots. In operation 323, the weighted symbols of the fourth complex symbol set are transmitted by different transmit antennas in different time slots.

In some implementations, the first complex symbol set includes four complex symbols (e.g., S₁, S₆, S₁₁, and S₁₆), and the second complex symbol set includes another four complex symbols (e.g., S₂, S₅, S₁₂, and S₁₅). The weighted third complex symbol set includes four weighted complex symbols (e.g., e^(jπ/4)S₃, e^(jπ/4)S₈, e^(jπ/4)S₉, and e^(jπ/4)S₁₄). The weighted fourth complex symbol set includes another four weighted complex symbols (e.g., e^(jπ/4)S₄, e^(jπ/4)S₇, e^(jπ/4)S₁₀, and e^(jπ/4)S₁₃)

With the example complex symbols, weighted complex symbols, complex symbol sets, and weighted complex symbol sets, according to the example STBC matrix (matrix (2)), the first transmit antenna is configured to transmit a first complex symbol (e.g., S₁) selected from the first complex symbol set in the first time slot, transmit a second complex symbol (e.g., S₅) selected from the second complex symbol set in the second time slot, transmit a first weighted complex symbol (e.g., e^(π/4)S₉) selected from the weighted third complex symbol set in the third time slot, and transmit a second weighted complex symbol (e.g., e^(jπ/4)s₁₃) selected from the weighted fourth complex symbol set in the fourth time slot.

The second transmit antenna is configured to transmit a third complex symbol (e.g., S₂) selected from the second complex symbol set in the first time slot, transmit a fourth complex symbol (e.g., S₆) selected from the first complex symbol set in the second time slot, transmit a third weighted complex symbol (e.g., e^(jπ/4)S₁₀) selected from the weighted fourth complex symbol set in the third time slot, and transmit a fourth weighted complex symbol (e.g., e^(jπ/4)S₁₄) selected from the weighted third complex symbol set in the fourth time slot.

The third transmit antenna is configured to transmit a fifth weighted complex symbol (e.g., e^(jπ/4)S₃) selected from the weighted third complex symbol set in the first time slot, transmit a sixth weighted complex symbol (e.g., e^(jπ/4)S₇) selected from the weighted fourth complex symbol set in the second time slot, transmit a fifth complex symbol (e.g., S₁₁) selected from the first complex symbol set in the third time slot, and transmit a sixth complex symbol (e.g., S₁₅) selected from the second complex symbol set in the fourth time slot.

The fourth transmit antenna is configured to transmit a seventh weighted complex symbol (e.g., e^(jπ/4)S₄) selected from the weighted fourth complex symbol set in the first time slot, transmit a eighth weighted complex symbol (e.g., e^(jπ/4)S₈) selected from the weighted third complex symbol set in the second time slot, transmit a seventh complex symbol (e.g., S₁₂) selected from the second complex symbol set in the third time slot, and transmit a sixth complex symbol (e.g., S₁₆) selected from the first complex symbol set in the fourth time slot.

FIG. 4 is a block diagram illustrating the software modules of a computer program executed by a processor, arranged in accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure. The computer program includes a conversion module 430, selection module 440, an interleaving module 450, a matrix generation module 460, and a weighting module 470. In some implementations, the instructions for the modules described above are stored in memory 420 and are executed by a processor 410. The conversion module 430 converts a data stream 411 into a symbol set. The selection module 440 selects symbols from the converted symbol set. The interleaving module 450 interleaves two selected symbols to generate a new symbol in a manner as set forth above and generates a plurality of such new symbols. The matrix generation module 460 generates a matrix based on the plurality of new symbols. The weighting module 470 applies weights to a plurality of elements of the generated matrix.

FIG. 5 is a block diagram illustrating a computer program product 500 for transmitting data in a wireless communication system, arranged in accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure. Computer program product 500 includes one or more sets of instructions 502 for executing the methods for transmitting data in a wireless communication system. For illustration only, the instructions 502 reflect the method described above and illustrated in FIG. 3. Computer program product 500 may be transmitted in a signal bearing medium 504 or another similar communication medium 506. Computer program product 500 may be recorded in a computer readable medium 508 or another similar recordable medium 510.

There is little distinction left between hardware and software implementations of aspects of systems; the use of hardware or software is generally (but not always, in that in certain contexts the choice between hardware and software can become significant) a design choice representing cost vs. efficiency tradeoffs. There are various vehicles by which processes and/or systems and/or other technologies described herein can be effected (e.g., hardware, software, and/or firmware), and that the preferred vehicle will vary with the context in which the processes and/or systems and/or other technologies are deployed. For example, if an implementer determines that speed and accuracy are paramount, the implementer may opt for a mainly hardware and/or firmware vehicle; if flexibility is paramount, the implementer may opt for a mainly software implementation; or, yet again alternatively, the implementer may opt for some combination of hardware, software, and/or firmware.

The foregoing detailed description has set forth various embodiments of the devices and/or processes via the use of block diagrams, flowcharts, and/or examples. Insofar as such block diagrams, flowcharts, and/or examples contain one or more functions and/or operations, it will be understood by those within the art that each function and/or operation within such block diagrams, flowcharts, or examples can be implemented, individually and/or collectively, by a wide range of hardware, software, firmware, or virtually any combination thereof. In one embodiment, several portions of the subject matter described herein may be implemented via Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs), Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs), digital signal processors (DSPs), or other integrated formats. However, those skilled in the art will recognize that some aspects of the embodiments disclosed herein, in whole or in part, can be equivalently implemented in integrated circuits, as one or more computer programs running on one or more computers (e.g., as one or more programs running on one or more computer systems), as one or more programs running on one or more processors (e.g., as one or more programs running on one or more microprocessors), as firmware, or as virtually any combination thereof, and that designing the circuitry and/or writing the code for the software and or firmware would be well within the skill of one of skill in the art in light of this disclosure. In addition, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the mechanisms of the subject matter described herein are capable of being distributed as a program product in a variety of forms, and that an illustrative embodiment of the subject matter described herein applies regardless of the particular type of signal bearing medium used to actually carry out the distribution. Examples of a signal bearing medium include, but are not limited to, the following: a recordable type medium such as a floppy disk, a hard disk drive, a Compact Disc (CD), a Digital Video Disk (DVD), a digital tape, a computer memory, etc.; and a transmission type medium such as a digital and/or an analog communication medium (e.g., a fiber optic cable, a waveguide, a wired communications link, a wireless communication link, etc.).

Those skilled in the art will recognize that it is common within the art to describe devices and/or processes in the fashion set forth herein, and thereafter use engineering practices to integrate such described devices and/or processes into data processing systems. That is, at least a portion of the devices and/or processes described herein can be integrated into a data processing system via a reasonable amount of experimentation. Those having skill in the art will recognize that a typical data processing system generally includes one or more of a system unit housing, a video display device, a memory such as volatile and non-volatile memory, processors such as microprocessors and digital signal processors, computational entities such as operating systems, drivers, graphical user interfaces, and applications programs, one or more interaction devices, such as a touch pad or screen, and/or control systems including feedback loops and control motors (e.g., feedback for sensing position and/or velocity; control motors for moving and/or adjusting components and/or quantities). A typical data processing system may be implemented utilizing any suitable commercially available components, such as those typically found in data computing/communication and/or network computing/communication systems.

The herein described subject matter sometimes illustrates different components contained within, or connected with, different other components. It is to be understood that such depicted architectures are merely exemplary, and that in fact many other architectures can be implemented which achieve the same functionality. In a conceptual sense, any arrangement of components to achieve the same functionality is effectively “associated” such that the desired functionality is achieved. Hence, any two components herein combined to achieve a particular functionality can be seen as “associated with” each other such that the desired functionality is achieved, irrespective of architectures or intermedial components. Likewise, any two components so associated can also be viewed as being “operably connected”, or “operably coupled”, to each other to achieve the desired functionality, and any two components capable of being so associated can also be viewed as being “operably couplable”, to each other to achieve the desired functionality. Specific examples of operably couplable include but are not limited to physically mateable and/or physically interacting components and/or wirelessly interactable and/or wirelessly interacting components and/or logically interacting and/or logically interactable components.

With respect to the use of substantially any plural and/or singular terms herein, those having skill in the art can translate from the plural to the singular and/or from the singular to the plural as is appropriate to the context and/or application. The various singular/plural permutations may be expressly set forth herein for sake of clarity.

It will be understood by those within the art that, in general, terms used herein, and especially in the appended claims (e.g., bodies of the appended claims) are generally intended as “open” terms (e.g., the term “including” should be interpreted as “including but not limited to,” the term “having” should be interpreted as “having at least,” the term “includes” should be interpreted as “includes but is not limited to,” etc.). It will be further understood by those within the art that if a specific number of an introduced claim recitation is intended, such an intent will be explicitly recited in the claim, and in the absence of such recitation no such intent is present. For example, as an aid to understanding, the following appended claims may contain usage of the introductory phrases “at least one” and “one or more” to introduce claim recitations. However, the use of such phrases should not be construed to imply that the introduction of a claim recitation by the indefinite articles “a” or “an” limits any particular claim containing such introduced claim recitation to disclosures containing only one such recitation, even when the same claim includes the introductory phrases “one or more” or “at least one” and indefinite articles such as “a” or “an” (e.g., “a” and/or “an” should typically be interpreted to mean “at least one” or “one or more”); the same holds true for the use of definite articles used to introduce claim recitations. In addition, even if a specific number of an introduced claim recitation is explicitly recited, those skilled in the art will recognize that such recitation should typically be interpreted to mean at least the recited number (e.g., the bare recitation of “two recitations,” without other modifiers, typically means at least two recitations, or two or more recitations). Furthermore, in those instances where a convention analogous to “at least one of A, B, and C, etc.” is used, in general such a construction is intended in the sense one having skill in the art would understand the convention (e.g., “a system having at least one of A, B, and C” would include but not be limited to systems that have A alone, B alone, C alone, A and B together, A and C together, B and C together, and/or A, B, and C together, etc.). In those instances where a convention analogous to “at least one of A, B, or C, etc.” is used, in general such a construction is intended in the sense one having skill in the art would understand the convention (e.g., “a system having at least one of A, B, or C” would include but not be limited to systems that have A alone, B alone, C alone, A and B together, A and C together, B and C together, and/or A, B, and C together, etc.). It will be further understood by those within the art that virtually any disjunctive word and/or phrase presenting two or more alternative terms, whether in the description, claims, or drawings, should be understood to contemplate the possibilities of including one of the terms, either of the terms, or both terms. For example, the phrase “A or B” will be understood to include the possibilities of “A” or “B” or “A and B.”

While various aspects and embodiments have been disclosed herein, other aspects and embodiments will be apparent to those skilled in the art. The various aspects and embodiments disclosed herein are for purposes of illustration and are not intended to be limiting, with the true scope and spirit being indicated by the following claims. 

1. A method for transmitting a data stream in a wireless communication system, comprising: converting the data stream to a symbol set; selecting a first plurality of symbols from the symbol set, wherein the first plurality of symbols includes at least a first symbol, a second symbol, a third symbol, a fourth symbol, a fifth symbol, a sixth symbol, a seventh symbol, and a eighth symbol; generating a second plurality of symbols having at least a ninth symbol, a tenth symbol, an eleventh symbol, and a twelfth symbol, wherein the ninth symbol includes a first part of the first symbol and a second part of the third symbol, the tenth symbol includes an additive inverse of a first part of the second symbol and a second part of the fourth symbol, the eleventh symbol includes a first part of the fifth symbol and a second part of the seventh symbol, and the twelfth symbol includes an additive inverse of a first part of the sixth symbol and a second part of the eighth symbol; weighting the eleventh symbol and the twelfth symbol to form a first weighted symbol and a second weighted symbol, respectively; and transmitting in a first time slot the ninth symbol with a first antenna, the tenth symbol with a second antenna, the first weighted symbol with a third antenna, and the second weighted symbol with a fourth antenna.
 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising: generating a thirteenth symbol, a fourteenth symbol, a fifteenth symbol, and a sixteenth symbol, wherein the thirteenth symbol includes a first part of the second symbol and a second part of the fourth symbol, the fourteenth symbol includes a first part of the first symbol and an additive inverse of a second part of the third symbol, the fifteenth symbol includes a first part of the sixth symbol and a second part of the eighth symbol, and the sixteenth symbol includes a first part of the fifth symbol and an additive inverse of a second part of the seventh symbol; weighting the fifteenth symbol and the sixteenth symbol to form a third weighted symbol and a fourth weighted symbol, respectively; and transmitting in a second time slot the thirteenth symbol with the first antenna, the fourteenth symbol with the second antenna, the third weighted symbol with the third antenna, and the fourth weighted symbol with the fourth antenna.
 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising: generating a thirteenth symbol, a fourteenth symbol, a fifteenth symbol, and a sixteenth symbol, wherein the thirteenth symbol includes a first part of the seventh symbol and a second part of the fifth symbol, the fourteen symbol includes an additive inverse of a first part of the eighth symbol and a second part of the sixth symbol, the fifteenth symbol includes a first part of the third symbol and a second part of the first symbol, and the sixteenth symbol includes an additive inverse of a first part of the fourth symbol and a second part of the second symbol; weighting the thirteenth symbol and the fourteenth symbol to form a third weighted symbol and a fourth weighted symbol, respectively; and transmitting in a second time slot the third weighted symbol with the first antenna, the fourth weighted symbol with the second antenna, the fifteenth symbol with the third antenna, and the sixteenth symbol with the fourth antenna.
 4. The method of claim 1, further comprising: generating a thirteenth symbol, a fourteenth symbol, a fifteenth symbol, and a sixteenth symbol, wherein the thirteenth symbol includes a first part of the eighth symbol and a second part of the sixth symbol, the fourteen symbol includes a first part of the seventh symbol and an additive inverse of a second part of the fifth symbol, the fifteenth symbol includes a first part of the fourth symbol and a second part of the second symbol, and the sixteenth symbol includes a first part of the third symbol and an additive inverse of a second part of the first symbol; weighting the thirteenth symbol and the fourteenth symbol to form a third weighted symbol and a fourth weighted symbol, respectively; and transmitting in a second time slot the third weighted symbol with the first antenna, the fourth weighted symbol with the second antenna, the fifteenth symbol with the third antenna, and the sixteenth symbol with the fourth antenna.
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the first part of each symbol of the first plurality of symbols is different from each other.
 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the second part of each symbol of the first plurality of symbols is different from each other.
 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the first part of the first symbol is the same as the first part of the second, the third, the fourth, the fifth, the sixth, the seventh, or the eighth symbol.
 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the second part of the first symbol is the same as the second part of the second, the third, the fourth, the fifth, the sixth, the seventh, or the eighth symbol.
 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the magnitude of the first part of a symbol is an in-phase component of the symbol and the magnitude of the second part of the symbol is a quadrature-phase component of the symbol.
 10. The method of claim 1, wherein a weight applied in the weighting step is e^(jθ), wherein θ is in a range from zero to around π/2.
 11. A wireless communication system, comprises: a transmitter having a first transmit antenna, a second transmit antenna, a third transmit antenna, and a fourth transmit antenna configured to convert a data stream to a symbol set; select a first plurality of symbols from the symbol set, wherein the first plurality of symbols includes at least a first symbol, a second symbol, a third symbol, a fourth symbol, a fifth symbol, a sixth symbol, a seventh symbol, and a eighth symbol; generate a second plurality of symbols having at least a ninth symbol, a tenth symbol, an eleventh symbol, and a twelfth symbol, wherein the ninth symbol includes a first part of the first symbol and a second part of the third symbol, the tenth symbol includes an additive inverse of a first part of the second symbol and a second part of the fourth symbol, the eleventh symbol includes a first part of the fifth symbol and a second part of the seventh symbol, and the twelfth symbol includes an additive inverse of a first part of the sixth symbol and a second part of the eighth symbol; weight the eleventh symbol and the twelfth symbol to form a first weighted symbol and a second weighted symbol, respectively; and transmit in a first time slot the ninth symbol with the first antenna, the tenth symbol with the second antenna, the first weighted symbol with the third antenna and the second weighted symbol with the fourth antenna.
 12. The wireless communication system of claim 11, wherein the wireless communication system is a multiple input and multiple output (MIMO) system.
 13. The wireless communication system of claim 12, wherein the MIMO system comprises four transmit antennas at the transmitter and another two antennas at a receiver.
 14. The wireless communication system of claim 11, wherein the transmitter is further configured to generate a thirteenth symbol, a fourteenth symbol, a fifteenth symbol, and a sixteenth symbol, wherein the thirteenth symbol includes a first part of the second symbol and a second part of the fourth symbol, the fourteenth symbol includes a first part of the first symbol and an additive inverse of a second part of the third symbol, the fifteenth symbol includes a first part of the sixth symbol and a second part of the eighth symbol, and the sixteenth symbol includes a first part of the fifth symbol and an additive inverse of a second part of the seventh symbol; weight the fifteenth symbol and the sixteenth symbol to form a third weighted symbol and a fourth weighted symbol, respectively; and transmit in a second time slot the thirteenth symbol with the first antenna, the fourteenth symbol with the second antenna, the third weighted symbol with the third antenna and the fourth weighted symbol with the fourth antenna.
 15. The wireless communication system of claim 11, wherein the transmitter is further configured to generate a thirteenth symbol, a fourteenth symbol, a fifteenth symbol, and a sixteenth symbol, wherein the thirteenth symbol includes a first part of the seventh symbol and a second part of the fifth symbol, the fourteen symbol includes an additive inverse of a first part of the eighth symbol and a second part of the sixth symbol, the fifteenth symbol includes a first part of the third symbol and a second part of the first symbol, and the sixteenth symbol includes an additive inverse of a first part of the fourth symbol and a second part of the second symbol; weight the thirteenth symbol and the fourteenth symbol to form a third weighted symbol and a fourth weighted symbol, respectively; and transmit in a second time slot the third weighted symbol with the first antenna, the fourth weighted symbol with the second antenna, the fifteenth symbol with the third antenna, and the sixteenth symbol with the fourth antenna.
 16. The wireless communication system of claim 11, wherein the transmitter is further configured to generate a thirteenth symbol, a fourteenth symbol, a fifteenth symbol, and a sixteenth symbol, wherein the thirteenth symbol includes a first part of the eighth symbol and a second part of the sixth symbol, the fourteen symbol includes a first part of the seventh symbol and an additive inverse of a second part of the fifth symbol, the fifteenth symbol includes a first part of the fourth symbol and a second part of the second symbol, and the sixteenth symbol includes a first part of the third symbol and an additive inverse of a second part of the first symbol; weight the thirteenth symbol and the fourteenth symbol to form a third weighted symbol and a fourth weighted symbol, respectively; and transmit in a second time slot the third weighted symbol with the first antenna, the fourth weighted symbol with the second antenna, the fifteenth symbol with the third antenna, and the sixteenth symbol with the fourth antenna.
 17. The wireless communication system of claim 11, wherein a weight applied to the eleventh symbol and the twelfth symbol is e^(jθ), wherein θ is in a range from zero to around π/2.
 18. The wireless communication system of claim 11, wherein the magnitude of the first part of a symbol is an in-phase component of the symbol and the magnitude of the second part of the symbol is a quadrature-phase component of the symbol.
 19. A computer-readable medium containing a sequence of instructions, which when executed by a computing device, causes the computing device to: convert a data stream to a symbol set; select a first plurality of symbols from the symbol set, wherein the first plurality of symbols includes at least a first symbol, a second symbol, a third symbol, a fourth symbol, a fifth symbol, a sixth symbol, a seventh symbol, and a eighth symbol; generate a second plurality of symbols having at least a ninth symbol, a tenth symbol, an eleventh symbol, and a twelfth symbol, wherein the ninth symbol includes a first part of the first symbol and a second part of the third symbol, the tenth symbol includes an additive inverse of a first part of the second symbol and a second part of the fourth symbol, the eleventh symbol includes a first part of the fifth symbol and a second part of the seventh symbol, and the twelfth symbol includes an additive inverse of a first part of the sixth symbol and a second part of the eighth symbol; weight the eleventh symbol and the twelfth symbol to form a first weighted symbol and a second weighted symbol, respectively; and transmit in a first time slot the ninth symbol with a first antenna, the tenth symbol with a second antenna, the first weighted symbol with a third antenna and the second weighted symbol with a fourth antenna.
 20. The computer-readable medium of claim 19, wherein a weight applied to the eleventh symbol and the twelfth symbol is e^(jθ), wherein θ is in a range from zero to around π/2. 